GROUP 6

GANGES RIVER

Source: http://web.bryant.edu/~langlois/ecology/gangesproblems.htm



Brief Description: (1)Ganges River is 1557 miles long(2506km), the Ganges valley or basin is 200 - 400 miles (322 - 644km) wide.It flows eastward and empties into the Bay of Bengal. Its mouths forms a vast delta. At the delta it is joined by the southward-flowing Brahmaputra River. Their combined delta is the largest in the world.The delta begins more than 200 miles (322 kilometers) from the Bay of Bengal and lies mostly in Bangladesh. It is largely a tangled swampland.
(2)There are two major dams on the Ganga. One at Haridwar diverts much of the Himalayan snowmelt into the Upper Ganges Canal, built by the British in 1854 to irrigate the surrounding land. This caused severe deterioration to the wateflow in the Ganga, and is a major cause for the decay of Ganga as an inland waterway.

USES: (1)The Ganges River is used for drinking water, bath , washing clothes and do some important religious ceremonies and festivals.

(2) The river is also used as transportation for the people to catch the fishes.

PROBLEMS: (1) Since the 1950s, population and industry along the Ganges and Hugli rivers have grown dramatically and both municipal and industrial wastewater and sewage have been discharged in large quantities into the rivers. In addition, because of the religious significance of the Ganges, Hindus often cremate their dead on the rivers banks and throw the remains and burnt charcoal into the river. This practice is especially common at Vârânasi. All of these factors have so polluted the river that drinking and bathing in its water have become dangerous.

(2) volume of waste - estimated at nearly 1 billion litres per day - of mostly untreated raw sewage - is a significant factor. Also, inadequate cremation procedures contributes to a large number of partially burnt or unburnt corpses floating down the Ganga, not to mention livestock corpses. Done By: Khairul, Zhi Chong , Resha , Bao Yin and Denise...

GROUP 7

GANGES RIVER




SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges_river

Description: The Ganges, as in most one of the major rivers of the Indian subcontinent, flowing east through the Gangetic Plain of northern India into Bangladesh. The 2,510 km (1,560 mi) river rises in the western Himalayas in the Uttarakhand state of India, and drains into the Sunderbans delta in the Bay of Bengal. It has long been considered a holy river by Hindus and worshiped as the goddess Ganga in Hinduism. It has also been important historically: many former provincial or imperial capitals (such as Patliputra, Kannauj, Kara, Allahabad, Murshidabad, and Calcutta) have been located on its banks. Ganga and its tributaries drain a 1,000,000-square-kilometre (390,000 sq mi) fertile basin that supports one of the world's highest density of humans. The average depth of the river is 52 feet (16 m), and the maximum depth is 100 feet (30 m).


USES:
1) The Ganges has been used for irrigation. In the Ganges valley the use of irrigation canals has increased the production of cash crops such as sugarcane, cotton and oilseeds. Before the 19th century much of the Ganges was navigable but this declined with the construction of railroads and the increasing use of water for irrigation. West Bengal and Bangladesh, however, do still use the waterways to transport jute, tea, grain and other agricultural products. The hydroelectric potential of the Ganges is 13 million kilowatts, two fifths of which lies in India and the rest in Nepal
2) The people of the Ganges basin are of mixed origin. In the west and centre of the region Turks, Mongols, Afghans, Persians and Arabs intermingled with the original Aryans, while in the east and south the people originate from a mixture of Tibetan, Burman and hill peoples. Hindus regard the Ganges as the holiest of rivers. It was named after the goddess Ganga, the daughter of the mountain god Himalaya. Pilgrimage sites are particularly significant along the river. At the confluence of the Ganges and and the Tamuna tributory near Allahabad a bathing festival in January and February attracts hundreds of thousands of pilgrims. Other holy pilgrimage sites along the river include Haridwar, the place where the Ganges leaves the Himalayas, and Allahabad, where the mythical Saraswati river is believed to enter the Ganges. Water from the Ganges is used to cleanse any place or object for ritual purposes. Bathing in the river is believed to wash away one's sins. To bathe in the Ganga is a lifelong ambition for Hindus and they congregate in incredible numbers for the Sangam, Sagar Mela and Kumbh Mela festivals. It is believed that any water that mixes with even the smallest amount of Ganges water becomes holy with healing powers. Hindus also cast the ashes of their dead in the river in the belief that this will guide the souls of the deceased straight to paradise.
Problems:
1) Pollution of the Ganges has become so serious that bathing in and drinking its water has become very dangerous. The major polluting industry along the Ganges is the leather industry especially near Kanpur, from which Chromium and other chemicals leak into the river. Another huge source of pollution is that of the nearly 1 billion litres of mostly untreated raw sewage that enters the river every day. Inadequate cremation procedures result in partially burnt or unburnt corpses floating in the river. The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) was set up in 1985 by the Indian government with British and Dutch support to build a number of waste treatment facilities. Under the GAP sewage is intercepted and water is diverted for treatment and several electrical crematoria have been built. The project is now in its second phase - GAP II.

2) The Ganges river has been considered one of the dirtiest rivers in the world. The river waters start getting polluted right at the source. The commercial exploitation of the river has risen in proportion to the rise of population. Gangotri and Uttarkashi are good examples too. Gangotri had only a few huts of Sadhus until the 1970s [and the population of Uttrakashi has swelled in recent years. As it flows through highly populous areas the Ganges collects large amounts of human pollutants, e.g., Schistosoma mansoni and faecal coliforms, and drinking and bathing in its waters therefore carries a high risk of infection.

GROUP 8

Name of River:Mississippi River
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River

Brief description
1)Mississippi River is the second longest river in United State with a length of 2,320miles from from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico.
2)It is also a part of the Missouri-Mississippi river system which is the largest river system in North America.

Uses
1) It can drain 41 percent of the 48 contiguous states and the Mississippi River has the third largest drainage basin in the world .
2)During the war , the river played a decisive role in the Amercian Civil War
That helps to win the battle of Vicksburg in Warren County
.

Problems

1) The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927
is the most destructive flood in US that caused 246 people killed.
2)The Great flood of 1993 is also a disaster in it and it surpassed the record of 1927
that flood 30,000 square mile around it.

GROUP 4

THE SINGAPORE RIVER! THE SINGAPORE RIVER! THE SINGAPORE RIVER!


Source: http://www.rtoddking.com/images/singapore2006/06050229.jpg , http://tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:mTwz_sClPYhW7M:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Singapore_river_04.jpg



The Singapore river is located at the central region in the southern part of Singapore. The Singapore River is 11km long from its source at Kim Seng Bidge, but the waterway extends, as Alexandra Canal, as far as the junction of Commonwealth Avenue. Here threr is a break until North Buona Vista Road where Sungei Ulu Pandan starts and flows into Sungei Pandan which in turn flows into the sea at West Coast Park.

The river is use for side-seeing and tourist attraction. Tourists came to the Singapore River to shop and many exciting activities. they can have a ride at the Clark Quay and we can see the surroundings. Nearby, there's also museum and small cafe that they can visit. In the past, the Singapore River is use for trading. Small ships came to trade.

In the past, the river is dirty and contaminated. the small ship also cannnot came in and trade cause of less area.

GROUP 2

Singapore River

SINGAPORE RIVER IN THE PAST

SINGAPORE RIVER IN THE PRESENT

NAME OF RIVER : SINGAPORE RIVER

The Singapore River is a small river in Singapore with great historical importance. The Singapore River flows from the Central Area, which lies in the Central Region in the southern part of Singapore before emptying into the ocean. The immediate upper watershed of Singapore River is known as the Singapore river planning area, although the northern most part of the watershed becomes river valley. As the Central Area is treated as a central business district, nearly all land surrounding it is commercial. It is the place where Raffles made as the 1st trading port in Singapore. The Singapore river is 11 km long from its source at Kim Seng Bridge, but the waterway extends, as Alexandra Canal, as far as the junction of Commonwealth Avenue. Here there is a break until North Buona Vista Road where Sungei Ulu Pandan starts and flows into Sungei Pandan which in turn flows into the sea at West Coast Park. Thus, the source of both these waterways is in the Queenstown, Ridout Road Estate and Tanglin Halt area near Margaret Drive.

Source: http://www.wikipedia.org/

Uses:

1. TRANSPORTATION

In the past, people had to use non-motorised boats for travelling which is very tiring and troublesome. Today, people have motorised boats that can travel easily to any place without any hazzle.

2. SIGHT-SEEING

In the past, bumboats were a common sight, jostling their way through to reach the warehouses on the banks of Singapore River. Coolies can be seen loading and unloading cargoes from big ships to small bumboats. After the bad water pollution, the river clean-up project took 10 years and costing S$2.86 million. Today, converted bumboats operate as river-taxis which carry sightseeing passengers, with pickup and disembarkation points along Boat Quay and Clake Quay.

Problems:

1. WATER POLLUTION

The coolies disposed their waste materials, garbage and sewage into the Singapore river causing the water pollution.

2. DIRTY WATER

The dirty water led to a concerted effort by the relevant authorities to clean up the river. The relocation of squatters, hawkers, lighters and other polluting industries along the river. Mud was cleared from the banks and the bottom of the river, followed by the clearing of debris and other rubbish deposited in the river.

Done by:

1. Sharmaine Sow
2. Ng Sin Ming
3. Low Xue Er
4. Eden Chow
5. Hafiz

GROUP 3

Name of River : Mississippi River

Source : www.wikipedia.com

Brief Desciptation :

The Mississippi River is the second-longest river in the United States , with a lenght of 2,320 miles from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico .

Uses :

1 ) The mississippi River runs through 10 states and was used to defined portionsof these states' borders .

2 ) The middle of the riverbed at the time the borders were established was the line to defined the borders between states .

Problem :

1 ) Mississippi River basin and the Gulf of Mexico , environmental groups in nine states have petitioned the federal government to set and enforce pollution standards .

2 ) The setting up of pollution standards has become imperative because the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico till date has spread to around 8,000 square miles and is the second largest .

GROUP 5

Source : http://sg.yahoo.com/

Description : The Singapore River is a small river in Singapore with great historical importance. The Singapore River flows from the Central Area, which lies in the Central Region in the southern part of Singapore before emptying into the ocean. The immediate upper watershed of the Singapore River is known as the Singapore River Planning Area, although the northernmost part of the watershed becomes River Valley. As the Central Area is treated as a central business district, nearly all land surrounding it is commercial. It is one of about 90 rivers in Singapore and its islands. It is the place where Raffles made as the 1st trading port in Singapore. The Singapore River is the most famous river in Singapore. The Singapore river is 11 km long from its source at Kim Seng Bridge, but the waterway extends, as Alexandra Canal, as far as the junction of Commonwealth Avenue. Here there is a break until North Buona Vista Road where Sungei Ulu Pandan starts and flows into Sungei Pandan which in turn flows into the sea at West Coast Park. Thus, the source of both these waterways is in the Queenstown, Ridout Road Estate and Tanglin Halt area near Margaret Drive.

2 uses of Singapore River :

Earn income from tourist attraction. Tourist enter Singapore, there will be income for us.

The contrast between the tall skyscrapers and tiny shophouses is a draw to most of us.

2 problem associated with Singapore River :

The amount of time spent on cleaning up Singapore River, amount of people clean up the river.

Water pollutions harmed Earth. Pollutions.